99.95% Purity Each 10 mL vial contains 500 mg of lyophilized NAD⁺ | Avg. mass: 522.45 mg Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is a coenzyme present in every living cell, serving as a critical electron carrier in metabolic redox reactions. It sits at the crossroads of cellular energy production, genomic stability, and adaptive stress signals — making it one of the most actively studied molecules in aging and metabolic research. Key areas of published research: NAD⁺ is an essential substrate for ATP generation through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, directly linking it to mitochondrial output and bioenergetic capacity. Beyond energy metabolism, it serves as the sole substrate for sirtuins (SIRT1–7) — a family of NAD⁺-dependent deacylases implicated in lifespan regulation, inflammatory modulation, and metabolic adaptation. NAD⁺ is also consumed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) during DNA damage repair, and by CD38/CD157 enzymes involved in immune cell signaling. Declining intracellular NAD⁺ levels have been consistently associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired DNA repair capacity, and increased oxidative stress in preclinical models.